How much rep with the various Northrend Factions is gained through normal questing?

You'll probably have to search the comments in the factions you linked for that info. For example, someone worked it out for Argent Crusade on its comments page.

This is all info dug out of Wowhead comments, and as such I'm not certain of how correct it is.

Argent Crusade

Source

Reputation from quests (for Horde and Alliance):
- Dragonblight: 275
- Icecrown: 9150
- Zul'Drak : 9510
Total: 18935.

Alliance can get another 1075 rep from quests.

That gets you to the standing:
Neutral -> Friendly: 3000 Friendly -> Honored: 6000
Honored with 9935 rep points (so you will need another 2065 rep to Revered).

Alliance Vanguard

Source

Reputation level after all non-repeatable quests are done for Alliance Vanguard:

By Faction:
Valiance Expedition 24,142.5
Explorer's League 3550
The Frostborn 1735
The Silver Covenant 0
Alliance Vanguard 1693

By Zone:
Borean Tundra 6759
Howling Fjord 10675.5
Grizzly Hills 3094
Dragonblight 6863
Icecrown 790
The Storm Peaks 2415

//Total 31,120,5 = Revered 10,120/21,000

Wyrmrest Accord

Source

Reputation level after all non-repeatable Alliance quests are done for The Wyrmrest Accord:

Borean Tundra (Coldarra) 2760
Dragonblight 7645
The Oculus (Dungeon) 1650
The Eye of Eternity (10/25 man Raids) 1500

//Total 13,555 = Honored 4555/12,000

(Obviously less if you don't do the dungeon quests; this comment claims you'll be 2180 through honored without them.)

Ebon Blade

Could find no comments on this, so this is just first-hand information. As a Death Knight (so starting from friendly with the Ebon Blade) I juuuuuuuust by the skin of my teeth hit revered with the faction doing every single quest available, including the dailies at the Shadow Vault (twice, if memory serves, but I did them some more with some dungeon championing to cap exalted so I might be mistaken), without touching the Tournament.

[EDIT] Did the math. 20925 rep throughout the whole of Northrend (counting dailies only once, not counting the Tournament because you'd have to be a Death Knight to get Ebon Blade rep out of that). Which means you're 11925 rep into Honored, which fits my memory of "by the skin of my teeth" rather well. (Checking my screenshots - yes, I screenshot reputation milestones, shush - I found the character hit Revered while still not quite done in Icecrown.)

Note that there is a quest of the "Collect A amount of X item, get Y buff item back" variety, Reading the Bones, which rewards a tiny (10) amount of rep for every turn in beyond the first, if you feel like grinding. (Of course, if you are that desperate for rep, you might as well go champion the faction in an instance, but still.)

Kirin Tor

Could find no comments, and haven't quested in some relevant zones on the only character I have that could provide relevant info (the above-mentioned Death Knight). Doing the math:

Borean Tundra (including Coldarra): 3070 Dalaran attunement: 20 Dragonblight: 2035 Nexus: 950 Violet Hold: 500

Mage: an extra 250.

Total: 6575, 6825 if you're a mage.

So you end up 3575 (or 3825) through Friendly.

(Also note that there are no dailies for Kirin Tor beyond the dungeon ones and the profession ones, making this faction a prime candidate for championing.)

Note that there are changes to the rate at which you earn Northrend factions' rep in 3.3 (subject to change, of course)

From the 3.3 PTR patch notes:

The following reputations have been sped up by roughly 30%:

• Argent Crusade
• Alliance Vanguard
• Horde Expedition
• Kirin Tor,
• Knights of the Ebon Blade
• Sons of Hodir
• Wyrmrest Accord

Sons of Hodir quests now give more reputation overall.

Top-level helm and shoulder faction-related enchants are now available as Bind-on-Account items that do not require any faction to use once purchased (they still require the appropriate faction level to purchase).

Reputation commendations can now be purchased for 1 Emblem of Triumph each.